Scales and Scores
Scientific Panels Submissions
Scales and Scores
The section of Scales and Scores provides a database of validated scores and scales used in neurology in English and other languages on the EAN website. It provides clinicians and researchers in the field of neurology access to the most commonly available and validated scales and scores.
EAN Scientific Panels
| Scales | Assessment of autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: the SCOPA-AUT | Download |
| Scales | Urinary Symptom Profile - the USP has been validated for use in neurological patients to capture lower urinary symptoms | Download |
| Scales | Short-form Qualiveen (sf-Qulaiveen)- to capture bladder-realted quality of life impairment | Download |
| Scales | ASEX- Arizona Sexual Experiences Scale this is simple to use and appropriate for a clinical setting | Download |
| Scale | Manual Muscle Testing Procedures | Download |
| Scale | ATS Statement: Guidelines for the Six-Minute Walk Test | Download |
| Scale | A rating scale for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: description and preliminary experience | Download |
| Scale | Scoring systems to screen for diabetic peripheral neuropathy | Download |
| Score | The MG Composite, A valid and reliable outcome measure for myasthenia gravis | Download |
Scales
Coma/Near-Coma Scale (CNC)
Area covered: differentiation: coma/near coma, moderat, marked, extreme coma
Symptoms addressed: Visual, auditory, command following, threat response, olfactory, tactile, pain, vocalization
Time to complete: 10 min
Number of items: 8 (11)
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Formal qualification necessary: no
Validation Publication: Rappaport M, Dougherty AM, Kelting DL. Evaluation of
coma and vegetative states. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1992;73:
628-34.
How to Access: www.archives-pmr.org/article/0003-9993(92)90127-I/pdf (open access)
Recommended by: Aspen Work group
diagnosis categories are not consistent with Aspen workgroup criteria
Coma Recovery Sacle-Revised (CRS-R)
Area covered: differentiation: coma/UWS/MCS/
Symptoms addressed: Auditory, visual, motor, oral, communication, arousal
Time to complete: 25 min
Number of items: 6(23)
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Formal qualification necessary: yes
Validation Publication: Giacino JT, Kalmar K, Whyte J, The JFK Coma Recovery Scale-Revised: measurement characteristics and diagnostic utility.JArch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004 Dec;85(12):2020-9.
How to Access: www.archives-pmr.org/article/S0003-9993(04)00477-0/fulltext (open access)
Comprehensive Levels of Consciousness Scale (CLOCS)
Area covered: DOC - motor behiour scale
Symptoms addressed: Eye responses, motor, posture, communication, general responsiveness
Time to complete: 5 min
Number of items: 7(7)
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Formal qualification necessary: no
Validation Publication: Stanczak DE, White JG 3rd, Gouview WD, et al. Assessment of
level of consciousness following severe neurological insult: a comparison of the psychometric qualities of the Glasgow Coma Scale and the Comprehensive Level of Consciousness Scale. J Neurosurg 1984;60:955-60.
How to Access: thejns.org/view/journals/j-neurosurg/60/5/article-p955.xml (no open access)
not recommended for seral bedside behavioural assessment of DOC by ACRM, 2010
Disorders of Consciousness Scale (DOCS)
Area covered: DOC -assessement
Symptoms addressed: Auditory, visual, tactile, sensory, swallowing, olfactory
Time to complete: 45 min
Number of items: 1(23)
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Formal qualification necessary: no
Validation Publication: Pape TL, Senno RG, Guernon A, Kelly JP. A measure of neurobehavioral
functioning after coma. Part II: clinical and scientific implementation. J Rehabil Res Dev 2005;42:19-27.
How to Access: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/b905/3bbbd5efd409608aaec8b3c38c32f401028f.pdf (no open access)
Recommended by: ACRM, 2010:may be used to assess DOC with moderate reservations.
Full Outline of UnResponsivesess Score (FOUR)
Area covered: coma evaluation
Symptoms addressed: Eye response, motor response, respiration, brainstem reflexes
Time to complete: 10 min
Number of items: 4(4)
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Formal qualification necessary: no
Validation Publication: Wijdicks EF. Clinical scales for comatose patients: the Glasgow
Coma Scale in historical context and the new FOUR score. Rev Neurol Dis 2006;3:109-17.
How to Access: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4071859/ (open access)
Recommended by: ACRM:not recommended for serial bedside behavioral assessment of DOC
good reliability rating and rapid application in intensive care for intubated patients
Glasgow Coma Scale (GLS)
Area covered: coma evaluation
Symptoms addressed: Eye, verbal, motor, brainstem reflexes
Time to complete: 5 min
Number of items:4(4)
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Formal qualification necessary: no
Validation Publication: Born JD, Hans P, Albert A, Bonnal J. Interobserver agreement in
assessment of motor response and brain stem reflexes. Neurosurgery
1987;20:513-7.
How to Access: https://academic.oup.com/neurosurgery/article-abstract/20/4/513/2745600 (open access)
Recommended by: ACRM:not recommended for serial bedside behavioral assessment of DOC
quick application in intensive care for coma evaluation, does not intergrate the fact of intubation
Innsbruck Coma Scale (INNS)
Area covered: behaviour scale
Symptoms addressed: Eye responses, auditory, pain posture, oral
Time to complete: 10 min
Number of items: 1(8)
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Formal qualification necessary: no
Validation Publication: Benzer A, Mitterschiffthaler G, Marosi M, et al. Prediction of
non-survival after trauma: Innsbruck Coma Scale. Lancet 1991; 338:977-8.
How to Access: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/014067369191840Q (no open access)
Loewenstein Communicaton Scale (LOEW)
Area covered: evaluation of communication
Symptoms addressed: Mobility, respiration, visual, auditory, communication
Time to complete: 25 min
Number of items: 5(25)
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Formal qualification necessary: no
Validation Publication: Borer-Alafi N, Gil M, Sazbon L, Korn C. Loewenstein communication
scale for the minimally responsive patient. Brain Inj 2002;16:593-609.
How to Access: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02699050110119484 (open Access)
not recommended ACRM:at this time for serial bedside behavioral assessment of DOC.
Swedish Reaction Level Scale-1985 (RLS85)
Area covered: evaluation of levls of reaction
Symptoms addressed: Responsiveness
Time to complete: 15 min
Number of items: 1(1)
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Formal qualification necessary: no
Validation Publication: Stålhammar D, Starmark JE, Holmgren E, et al. Assessment of
responsiveness in acute cerebral disorders: a multicentre study on
the reaction level scale (RLS 85). Acta Neurochir 1988;90:73-80.
How to Access: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01560558 (open Access)
Recommended by: ACMR: not recommended at this time for serial bedside behavioral assessment of DOC.
Sensory Modality Assessment Technique (SMART)
Area covered: differentiation of coma/UWS/MCS
Symptoms addressed: Auditory, vision, tactile, olfactory, gustatory, wakefulness, motor, communication
Time to complete: 60+ min
Number of items: 8(8)
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Formal qualification necessary: yes
Validation Publication: Gill-Thwaites H. The Sensory Modality Assessment Rehabilitation
Technique—a tool for assessment and treatment of patients
with severe brain injury in a vegetative state. Brain Inj 1997;11:
723-34.
How to Access: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/dbb5/6c20c0161224212fd1c81ac244bba7f3d2e4.pdf (open access)
Recommended by: ACMR: may be used to assess DOC with moderate reservations.
Sensory Stimulation Assessment Mesures (SSAM)
Area covered: neurosensorial evaluation
Symptoms addressed: Auditory, vision, tactile, olfactory, eye opening, motor, vocalization
Time to complete: 30 min
Number of items: 5(15)
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Validation Publication: Rader MA, Ellis DW. The Sensory Stimulation Assessment
Measure (SSAM): a tool for early evaluation of severely braininjured
patients. Brain Inj 1994;8:309-21.
How to Access: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/02699059409150982 (open access)
Recommended by: ACMR:may be used to assess DOC with moderate reservations.
Wessex Head Injury Matrix (WHIM)
Area covered: behaviour assessment of DOC patients
Symptoms addressed: Basic behaviors, social/communication, attention/cognitive, orientation/memory
Time to complete: 30-120 min
Number of items: 4(58)
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Formal qualification necessary: no
Validation Publication: Shiel A, Horn SA, Wilson BA, Watson MJ, Campbell MJ, McLellan
DL. The Wessex Head Injury Matrix (WHIM) main scale: a preliminary report on a scale to assess and monitor patient recovery after severe head injury. Clin Rehabil 2000;14:408-16.
How to Access: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1191/0269215500cr326oa (open access)
Recommended by: idem
very centered on evaluation of cognitive funciton of DOC patients, complementary but no possibiliy ot differentiate DOC phases
Western Neuro Sensory Stimulation Profile (WNSSP)
Area covered: behaviour assessment of DOC patients
Symptoms addressed: Visual, tactile, olfactory, arousal/attention, auditory, expressive communication
Time to complete: 45 min
Number of items: 5(32)
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Formal qualification necessary: ?
Validation Publication: Ansell BJ. Slow-to-recover patients: improvement to rehabilitation
readiness. J Head Trauma Rehabil 1993;8:88-98.
How to Access: https://journals.lww.com/headtraumarehab/Abstract/1993/09000/Slow_to_recover_patients__Improvement_to.11.aspx (open access)
Recommended by: idem
Scores
Reuth DOC Response Assessment (RDOC-RA)
Area covered: motor behaviour observation assessement of DOC
Symptoms addressed: complementary to CRS-R Auditory, visual, motor, oral, communication, arousal
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Validation Publication: Gilutz Y, Lazary A, Karpin H, Vatine JJ, Misha T, Fortinsky H, Sharon H. Detailed behvioural assessement promotes accurate diagnosis in patientes with disorders of sconsciousness
How to Access: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/82884712.pdf (open access)
Motor Behaviour tool (MBT tool)
Area covered: motor behaviour observation assessement of DOC
Symptoms addressed: CRS-R modulation by assessement of motor behaviour
Time to complete: 25 min
Number of items: as CRS plus 10 item
Validation Publication:
Pignat JM, Mauron E, Jöhr J, Gilart de Keranflec'h C, Van De Ville D, Preti MG, Meskaldji DE, Hömberg V, Laureys S, Draganski B, Frackowiak R, Diserens K.
Outcome Prediction of Consciousness Disorders in the Acute Stage Based on a Complementary Motor Behavioural Tool. PLoS One. 2016 Jun 30;11(6).
P
How to Access: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0156882 (no open access)
Scales
1) Objective cognitive assessment
Mini Mental State Examination
Symptoms addressed: Global cognitive assessment
Time to complete: 10 min
Number of items: 11
Completed by: Health professional/patient
Validation Publication: Folstein, M.F., Mini-Mental State, Journal of Psychiatry, volume 12, issue 3, pp 189-198
How to Access: http://turkpsikiyatri.org/arsiv/mmse_folstein_mchugh.pdf (open Access)
Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)
Symptoms addressed: Cognitive
Time to complete: 10 minutes
Number of items: 30
Completed by: Health professional/patient
Validation publication: The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment., Nasreddine ZS, et al., J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005 Apr;53(4):695-9.
Clock-drawing test (CDT)
Symptoms addressed: Visuo-constructive and executive functions
Time to complete: 5 minutes
Number of items: 1
Completed by: Patient
Validation publication: Validity and Clinical Utility of Different Clock Drawing Test Scoring Systems in Multiple Forms of Dementia., Duro D, et al., J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2018 May;31(3):114-122
Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB)
Symptoms addressed: Frontal lobe functions
Time to complete: 5 minutes
Number of items: 6
Completed by: Health professional/patient
Validation publication: Frontal assessment battery and differential diagnosis of frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer disease., Slachevsky A, et al., Arch Neurol. 2004 Jul;61(7):1104-7.
How to Access:
https://psychscenehub.com/wp-ontent/uploads/2018/07/Frontal_FAB_Scale.pdf
Addenbrooke´s Cognitive Examination - III (ACE - III)
Symptoms addressed: Global cognitive assessment
Time to complete: 25-40 minutes
Number of items: 100
Completed by: Health professional/patient
Validation publication: Validation of the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination III in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease., Hsieh S, et al., Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2013;36(3-4):242-50.
How to Access: https://www.sydney.edu.au/brain-mind/resources-for-clinicians/dementia-test.html
2) Subjective cognitive assessment
The Subjective Cognitive Decline Questionnaire (SCD-Q)
Symptoms addressed: Self-perceived cognitive decline
Time to complete: 10 minutes
Number of items: 34
Completed by: Health professional/patient
Access and validation publication: The Subjective Cognitive Decline Questionnaire (SCD-Q): a validation study., Rami L, et al., J Alzheimers Dis. 2014;41(2):453-66.
3) Functional assessment
Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) Scale
Symptoms addressed: Evaluation of staging severity of dementia
Time to complete: 15 min
Number of items: 6
Completed by: Health professional/patient´s informant
Validation Publication: The Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR): current version and scoring rules, Morris JC, et al., Neurology. 1993 Nov;43(11):2412-4
How to Access: https://knightadrc.wustl.edu/cdr/PDFs/CDR_Table.pdf
Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ)
Symptoms addressed: Evaluation of staging severity of dementia
Time to complete: 5 min
Number of items: 10
Completed by: Health professional/patient´s informant/patient
Validation Publication: Measurement of functional activities in older adults in the community, Pfeffer RI, et al., J Gerontol. 1982 May;37(3):323-9.
How to Access: https://www.alz.org/careplanning/downloads/functional-activities-questionnaire.pdf
Activities of Daily Living - Instrumental (IADL), Basic (BADL)
Symptoms addressed: Independence in Instrumental Activities of Daily Living
Time to complete: 5 min (IADL), 2 min (BADL)
Number of items: 22 (IADL), 6 (BADL)
Completed by: Health professional/patient´s informant/patient
Validation Publication: Assessment of older people: self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. Gerontologist, Lawton MP, et al., 1969 Autumn;9(3):179-86
Access and validation Publication: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470404/
Katz Index
Symptoms addressed: Independence in Activities of Daily Living
Time to complete: 5 min
Number of items: 6
Completed by: Health professional
Validation Publication: Studies of illness in the aged. The Index of ADL: a standardized measure of biological and psychosocial function, Katz S., et al., JAMA. 1963;185(12):914-919.
How to Access: https://www.alz.org/careplanning/downloads/katz-adl.pdf (open access)
Instrumental Activities of Daily Living
Symptoms addressed: Independence in Instrumental Activities of Daily Living
Time to complete: 5 min
Number of items: 8
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Validation Publication: Lawton M.P. e Brody E.M., Gerontologist, 9:179-186, 1969)
How to Access: http://www.eurohex.eu/bibliography/pdf/Lawton_Gerontol_1969-1502121986/Lawton_Gerontol_1969.pdf (open access)
4) Behavioral assessment
Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)
Symptoms addressed: Depression
Time to complete: 7-10 min
Number of items: 15 or 30
Completed by: Patient
Validation Publication: Development and validation of geriatric depression screening: a preliminary report, Yesavage JA., et al.,J Psychiatr Res. 1982-1983;17(1):37-49.
How to access: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5ab1/91352d3f0b530936ca9acae91245896c8cef.pdf
Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI)
Symptoms addressed: Anxiety
Time to complete: 10 min
Number of items: 21
Completed by: Patient
Validation Publication: An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties. Beck AT, et al., J Consult Clin Psychol. 1988 Dec;56(6):893-7
How to access: https://www.gphealth.org/media/1087/anxiety.pdf
Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire (NPI)
Symptoms addressed: Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia
Time to complete: 15 min
Number of items: 12
Completed by: Health professional/patient´s informant
Validation Publication: The Neuropsychiatric Inventory: comprehensive assessment of psychopathology in dementia., Cummings JL, et al., Neurology. 1994 Dec;44(12):2308-14.
How to Access: http://download.lww.com/wolterskluwer_vitalstream_com/permalink/cont/a/cont_21_3_2015_02_26_kaufer_2015-10_sdc2.pdf
Apathy Evaluation Scale
Symptoms addressed: Apathy
Time to complete: 10 min
Number of items: 18
Completed by: Health professional/patient
Validation Publication: Reliability and validity of the Apathy Evaluation Scale., Marin RS., et al., Psychiatry Res. 1991 Aug;38(2):143-62.
How to access: http://www.tbims.org/combi/aes/AES.PDF
Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI)
Symptoms addressed: assessment of caregiver´s burden
Time to complete: 10 min
Number of items: 22
Completed by: Health professional/patient´s caregiver
Validation Publication: Relatives of the impaired elderly: correlates of feelings of burden. Gerontologist., Zarit SH., et al., 1980 Dec;20(6):649-55
How to access: https://dementiapathways.ie/_filecache/edd/c3c/89-zarit_burden_interview.pdf
5) Other useful scales
Hachinski ischemic score (HIS)
Symptoms addressed: differential diagnosis of dementia (primary degenerative, vascular or multi-infarct, mixed type)
Time to complete: 5 min
Number of items: 13
Completed by: Health professional
Validation Publication: Cerebral blood flow in dementia, Hachinski VC. et al., Arch Neurol. 1975 Sep;32(9):632-7.
How to Access:http://www.strokecenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/hachinski.pdf
Lewy Body Composite Risk Score (LBCRS)
Symptoms addressed: differential diagnosis of Lewy body dementia (Alzheimer and other types of dementia)
Time to complete: 5 min
Number of items: 10
Completed by: Health professional
Validation Publication: Improving the clinical detection of Lewy body dementia with the Lewy body composite risk score, Galvin JE., Alzheimers Dement (Amst). 2015 Sep 1;1(3):316-324
How to Access:http://med.fau.edu/research/Lewy%20Body%20Composite%20Risk%20Score%20Form%20and%20Instructions.pdf
Scores
SF-36
Symptoms addressed: Perceived health status
Time to complete: 15 min
Number of items: 36
Completed by: Patient
Validation Publication: Ware and Sherbourne, Medical Care, 1992 Jun; vol. 30(6), pp:473-83
How to Access: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/06cb/0076e310136d0ca8b56cc8585ec2bf43e029.pdf (open access)
Hachinski ischemic score (HIS)
Symptoms addressed: differential diagnosis of dementia (primary degenerative, vascular or multi-infarct, mixed type)
Time to complete: 5 min
Number of items: 13
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Formal qualification necessary: no
Validation Publication: Hachinski VC, et al., “Cerebral blood flow in dementia.” Archives of Neurology, 1975; vol. 32 pp:632-637
Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI)
Symptoms addressed: Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia
Time to complete: 15 min
Number of items: 12
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Formal qualification necessary: no
Validation Publication: Cummings JL, et al. Neurology 1994; vol. 44, pp:2308-2314
How to Access: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/23cb/103e7a4566ec4694761e278199a7a4f290a1.pdf (open access)
State – Trait Anxiety Inventory (S.T.A.I. Y-1)
Symptoms addressed: State Anxiety
Time to complete: 10 min
Number of items: 20
Validation Publication: Spielberger, Gorsuch & Lushene, 1970
How to Access: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9780470479216.corpsy0943 (open access)
Scales
Engel Epilepsy Surgery Outcome Scale
Symptoms addressed: Outcome
Time to complete: 15 min
Number of items: 4
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Validation Publication: Engel, Jerome (1993). Surgical Treatment of the Epilepsies. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-88167-988-7.
Open access
Recommended by: ILAE/EAN
Standardized battery for testing patients during and after seizures in EMUs
Symptoms addressed: Seizure
Time to complete: 30 min
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Validation Publication: Beniczky. Testing patients during seizures: A European consensus procedure developed by a joint taskforce of the ILAE - Commission on European Affairs and the European Epilepsy Monitoring Unit Association.Epilepsia. 2016 Sep;57(9):1363-8
Open access
Recommended by: ILAE/EAN
ILAE classifications of postoperative seizure outcome
Symptoms addressed: Outcome
Time to complete: 10 min
Number of items: 7
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Validation Publication: Wieser, W.T. ILAE Commission Report. Proposal for a new classification of outcome with respect to epileptic seizures following epilepsy surgery. Epilepsia, 42 (2001), pp. 282-286
Open access
Recommended by: ILAE/ EAN
Status Epilepticus Severity Score (STESS)
Symptoms addressed: Outcome
Time to complete: 5 min
Number of items: 9
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Formal qualification necessary: yes
Validation Publication: Rossetti AO. EB. Status Epilepticus Severity Score (STESS): a tool to orient early treatment EB. Status Epilepticus Severity Score (STESS): a tool to orient early treatment strategy. J Neurol. 2008 Oct;255(10):1561-6.
Open access
Recommended by: ILAE/ EAN
Epidemiology-based mortality score in status epilepticus (EMSE)
Symptoms addressed: Outcome
Time to complete: 10 min
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Validation Publication: Leitinger M. Epidemiology-based mortality score in status epilepticus (EMSE). Neurocrit Care. 2015 Apr;22(2):273-82.
Open Access
Recommended by: ILAE/ EAN
Encephalitis Nonconvulsive Status Epilepticus Diazepam Resistence Imaging Tracheal Intubation (END-IT) score
Symptoms addressed: Outcome
Time to complete: 10 min
Number of items: 5
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Validation Publication: Gao Q. Prediction of functional outcome in patients with convulsive status epilepticus: the END‐IT score. Crit Care. 2016;20:46.
Open access
Recommended by: ILAE/ EAN
Scores
Seizure Severity Questionaire
Symptoms addressed: Seizure
Time to complete: 10-15 min
Number of items: 22
Completed by: Healthprofessional and patient
Validation Publication: Cramer JA. Development of a new seizure severity questionnaire: initial reliability and validity testing. Epilepsy Res. 2002 Feb;48(3):187-97.
No open access
Recommended by: ILAE/ EAN
QUALITY OF LIFE IN EPILEPSY - QOLIE-31P
Symptoms addressed: QoL
Time to complete: 15-30 min
Number of items: 40
Completed by: patient
Validation Publication: Cramer JA, Van Hammée G; N132 Study Group. Maintenance of improvement in health-related quality of life during long-term treatment with levetiracetam. Epilepsy Behav. 2003 Apr;4(2):118-23.
No open access
Recommended by: ILAE/ EAN
The Personal Impact of Epilepsy Scale (PIES).
Symptoms addressed: Impact of disase
Time to complete: 15-30 min
Number of items: 25
Completed by: Patient
Validation Publication: Fisher RS. The Personal Impact of Epilepsy Scale (PIES). Epilepsy Behav. 2015 Jan;42:140-6.
No open access
Recommended by: ILAE/ EAN
The Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory for Epilepsy (NDDI-E)
Symptoms addressed: Depression
Time to complete: 5 min
Number of items: 6
Completed by: Patient
Validation Publication: Gilliam FG, Rapid detection of major depression in epilepsy: a multicentre study. Lancet Neurol. 2006 May;5(5):399-405.
No open access
Recommended by: ILAE/ EAN
Liverpool adverse event profile
Symptoms addressed: Adverse effects
Time to complete: 15 min
Number of items: 19
Completed by: Healthprofessional and patient
Validation Publication: Baker GA. Initial development, reliability, and validityof a patient-based adverse events scale. Epilepsia 1994;35:80
Open access
Recommended by: ILAE/ EAN
Scores
MIDAS
Symptoms addressed: Disability in migraine
Time to complete: 3 min
Number of items: 5
Completed by: patient
Validation Publication: Stewart WF et al. Reliability of the migraine disability assessment score in a population-based sample of headache sufferers. Cephalalgia 1999; 19: 107-14
How to Access: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1468-2982.1999.019002107.x (open access)
HIT-6
Symptoms addressed: Headache impact
Time to complete: 4 min
Number of items: 6
Completed by: patient
Validation Publication: Kosinski M et al. A six-item short-form survey for measuring headache impact: the HIT-6. Qual Life Res 2003; 12: 963-74.
How to Access: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8980747_A_six-item_short-form_survey_for_measuring_headache_impact_The_HIT-6 (open access)
Cluster Headache Quality of life scale
Symptoms addressed: QoL specific for cluster headache
Time to complete: 10 min
Number of items: 28
Completed by: patient
Validation Publication: Abu Bakar N et al. The development and validation of the Cluster Headache Quality of life scale (CHQ). J Headache Pain 2016; 17: 79.
How to Access: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/b486/a29d0dd05dea3844c5448270822e753e606c.pdf
HeadApp
Symptoms addressed: Headache impact
Completed by: patient
How to Access: https://www.headapp.com/en/computer-based-cognitive-rehabilitation-therapy/ (open access)
Migraine Buddy
Symptoms addressed: Migraine
Completed by: patient
How to Access: https://migrainebuddy.com/ (open access)
HURT
Symptoms addressed: Headache treatment
Time to complete: 5 min
Completed by: patient
Validation Publication: Westergaard ML et al. The Headache Under-Response to Treatment (HURT) Questionnaire: assessment of utility in headache specialist care. Cephalalgia 2013; 33: 245-255
How to Access: https://www.l-t-b.org/assets/43/4C3FEA0E-A757-4D10-977FFBA6E5AE721D_document/HURT_utility.pdf (open access)
Scores
Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination - III
Area Covered: Cognitive assessment
Symptoms addressed: cognitive
Time to complete:15-20 minutes
Number of items: 100
Completed by: patient
Formal qualification necessary? No
Link to training resource: https://sydney.edu.au/brain-mind/resources-for-clinicians/dementia-test.html
Open access: yes
Validation publication: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubme/?term=Validation+of+the+Addenbrooke%27s+Cognitive+Examination+III+i
Languages: English, Arabic, Chinese, Estonian, German, Greek, Gujarati, Hebrew, Hindi,Hungaria, Italian, Japanese, Polish, Spanish, Tamil, Ukranian, Urdu
Recommended by: Alzheimer's Society, NICE
Behavioural Inattention Test
Area Covered: Neglect symptom diagnosis and severity
Symptoms addressed: neglect
Time to complete: 40 minutes
Number of items: 15
Completed by: patient
Formal qualification necessary? No
Link to training resource: https://www.pearsonclinical.co.uk/Psychology/AdultCognitionNeuropsychologyandLanguage/AdultAttentionExecutiveFunction/BehaviouralInattentionTest https://www.pearsonclinical.co.uk/Psychology/AdultCognitionNeuropsychologyandLanguage/AdultAttentionExecutiveFunction/BehaviouralInattentionTest(BIT)/BehaviouralInattentionTest(BIT).aspx
Open access: yes
Validation publication: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2056321
Languages: This is a suite of visuospatial tasks which does not rely on translation to different languages
Visual Object and Space Perception Battery (VOSP)
Area Covered: Visual object and spatial deficits diagnosis
Symptoms addressed: Visual agnosia and visuospatial deficits
Time to complete: 30 minutes
Number of items: 8
Completed by: patient
Formal qualification necessary? No
Link to training resource: https://www.pearsonclinical.co.uk/Psychology/AdultCognitionNeuropsychologyandLanguage/AdultPerceptionandVisuomotorAbilities/VisualObjectandSpacePerceptionBattery(VOSP)/VisualObjectandSpacePerceptionBattery(VOSP).aspx
Open access: yes
Validation publication: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23874610
Languages: This is a suite of visual tasks which does not rely on translation to different languages
Goldenberg imitation tests
Area Covered: Limb apraxia severity
Symptoms addressed: Limb apraxia
Time to complete: 5 minutes
Number of items: 20
Completed by: patient
Formal qualification necessary? No
Link to training resource: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8708686
Open access: no
Validation publication: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8708686
Language: This is a test of gesture imitation and does not rely on translation to different languages
Multilingual Aphasia Examination
Area Covered: Language
Symptoms addressed: Aphasia
Time to complete: 30 minutes
Number of items: 11 subtests
Completed by: patient
Formal qualification necessary? yes
Link to training resource: https://www.parinc.com/Products/Pkey/222
Open access: no
Screening for Aphasia in Neurodegeneration (SAND)
Area Covered: Language
Symptoms addressed: Primary Progressive Aphasia
Time to complete: 20 minutes
Number of items: 9 subtests
Completed by: patient
Formal qualification necessary? no
Link to training resource: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10072-017-3001-y
Open access: no
Cambridge Semantic Memory Test
Area Covered: Semantic memory
Symptoms addressed: Semantic amnesia
Time to complete: 30 minutes
Number of items: 7 subtests
Completed by: patient
Formal qualification necessary? no
Link to training resource: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13554790903405693
Open access: no
Boston Naming Test
Area Covered: Language
Symptoms addressed: Anomia, paraphasia
Time to complete: 10 minutes
Number of items: 60
Completed by: patient
Formal qualification necessary? no
Link to training resource: http://aphasiology.pitt.edu/69/
Open access: no
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
Area Covered: Executive function
Symptoms addressed: Abstract thinking, reasoning flexibility
Time to complete: 30 minutes
Number of items: 64
Completed by: patient
Formal qualification necessary? no
Link to training resource: https://www.parinc.com/products/pkey/479
Open access: no
Clock-drawing test
Area Covered: Visuoconstructive
Symptoms addressed: Visuo-construcitve and executive functions
Time to complete: 5 minutes
Number of items: 1
Completed by: patient
Formal qualification necessary? no
Open access: no
Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test
Area Covered: Theory of Mind
Symptoms addressed: Emotions perception
Time to complete: 20 minutes
Number of items: 36
Completed by: patient
Formal qualification necessary? no
Link to training resource: https://www.autismresearchcentre.com/arc_tests/
Open access: no
Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)
Area Covered: Cognitive assessment
Symptoms addressed: Cognitive
Time to complete: 10 minutes
Number of items: 30
Completed by: patient
Formal qualification necessary? no
Link to training resource: https://www.mocatest.org/
Open access: yes
Validation publication: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15817019
Languages: available in nearly 100 languages
Recommended by: NIH, CSC
Scales
Non-Motor Symptoms Scale (NMSS)
Symptoms addressed: Non-motor symptoms of PD
Time to complete: 15 min
Number of items: 30
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Validation Publication: Chaudhuri KR et al. The metric properties of a novel non-motor symptoms scale for Parkinson's disease:Results from an international pilot study. Mov Disord. 2007;22(13):1901-11.
How to Access: http://www.movementdisorders.org/MDS-Files1/PDFs/Rating-Scales/NMSS30itemsrevised.pdf (open access)
Recommended by: MDS
Unified Dystonia Rating Scale (UDRS)
Symptoms addressed: Dystonia
Time to complete: 10 min
Number of items: 10
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Validation Publication: Comella CL, et al. Rating scales for dystonia: a multicenter assessment. Mov Disord. 2003;18(3):303-12.
How to Access: http://www.movementdisorders.org/MDS-Files1/PDFs/Rating-Scales/scale_UDRS.pdf (open access)
Recommended by: MDS
Fahn-Tolosa-Marin Tremor Rating scale
Symptoms addressed: Tremor, functional dysability
Time to complete: 10 min
Number of items: 21
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Validation Publication: This scale was pubished in the book "Jankovic J, Tolosa E, editors. Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders. 2nd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1993. p. 225-34".
How to Access: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Eduard_Tolosa/publication/307538277_Clinical_Rating_Scale_for_Tremor/links/5832e79508ae004f74c57ae1/Clinical-Rating-Scale-for-Tremor.pdf (open access)
Recommended by: MDS
Unified Multiple System Atrophy Rating Scale (UMSARS)
Symptoms addressed: Historical review, motor symptoms, autonomic symptoms, dysability
Time to complete: 20 min
Number of items: 35
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Validation Publication: Wenning GK, et al. Development and validation of the Unified Multiple System Atrophy Rating Scale (UMSARS). Mov Disord. 2004 Dec;19(12):1391-402.
How to Access: http://www.movementdisorders.org/MDS-Files1/PDFs/MDS-UPDRS-Rating-Scales/scale_UMSARS.pdf (open access)
Recommended by: MDS
Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS)
Symptoms addressed: Non-motor symptoms, motor symptoms, motor complications in PD
Time to complete: 55 min
Number of items: 72
Completed by: Healthprofessional and patient
Validation Publication: Goetz CG et al. Movement Disorder Society-sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS): scale presentation and clinimetric testing results. Mov Disord. 2008;23(15):2129-70.
How to Access: http://www.movementdisorders.org/MDS-Files1/PDFs/Rating-Scales/MDS-UPDRS_English_FINAL.pdf (open access)
Recommended by: MDS
Fahn-Marsden dystonia rating scale
Symptoms addressed: Dystonia
Time to complete: 15 min
Number of items: 10
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Formal qualification necessary: yes
Validation Publication: Burke RE et al. Validity and reliability of a rating scale for the primary torsion dystonias. Neurology. 1985;35(1):73-7.
How to Access: http://www.movementdisorders.org/MDS-Files1/PDFs/Rating-Scales/dystonia.pdf (open access)
Rating Scale for Psychogenic Movement Disorders
Symptoms addressed: Phenomena, functions in psychogenic movement disorders
Time to complete: 15 min
Number of items: 26
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Validation Publication: Hinson VK, et al. Rating scale for psychogenic movement disorders: scale development and clinimetric testing. Mov Disord. 2005;20(12):1592-7.
How to Access: http://www.movementdisorders.org/MDS-Files1/PDFs/MDS-UPDRS-Rating-Scales/scale_PMD.pdf (open access)
Recommended by: MDS
Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS)
Symptoms addressed: Huntington's disease
Time to complete: 30 min
Number of items: 59
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Validation Publication: Huntington Study Group. Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale: reliability and consistency. Mov Disord. 1996 Mar;11(2):136-42
How to Access: http://www.movementdisorders.org/MDS-Files1/PDFs/Rating-Scales/uhdrs.pdf (open access)
Recommended by: MDS
Scores
Quality of Life Essential Tremor Questionnaire
Symptoms addressed: Quality of life in essential tremor
Time to complete: NA
Number of items: 13+30
Completed by: Patient
Validation Publication: Tröster AI, et al. Quality of life in Essential Tremor Questionnaire (QUEST): development and initial validation. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2005;11(6):367-73.
How to Access: http://www.movementdisorders.org/MDS-Files1/PDFs/MDS-UPDRS-Rating-Scales/QUEST.pdf (open access)
Recommended by: MDS
PDQ-39
Symptoms addressed: Quality of life in PD
Time to complete: NA
Number of items: 39
Completed by: Patient
Validation Publication: Jenkinson C, et al. The Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39): development and validation of a Parkinson's disease summary index score. Age Ageing. 1997 Sep;26(5):353-7.
How to Access: https://process.innovation.ox.ac.uk/p/pdq-39/stage/1/the-parkinsons-disease-questionnaire-the-39-item-version.aspx (no open access)
Recommended by: University of Oxford
Unified Dyskinesia Rating Scale (UDysRS)
Symptoms addressed: Dyskinesia in PD
Time to complete: 15 min
Number of items: 26
Completed by: Healthprofessional and patient
Validation Publication: Goetz CG, et al. Which dyskinesia scale best detects treatment response? Mov Disord. 2013;28(3):341-6.
How to Access: http://www.movementdisorders.org/MDS-Files1/PDFs/UDysRS_English_FINAL.pdf (open access)
Recommended by: MDS
Scores
STROBE (cohort studies)
Area covered: Methodological quality of study designs
Symptoms addressed: Items to included in cohort studies
Time to complete: 30min
Number of items: 22
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Formal qualification necessary: no
How to Access: http://www.strobe-statement.org/index.php?id=available-checklists (open access)
STROBE (case-control studies)
Area covered: Methodological quality of study designs
Symptoms addressed: Items to include in case-control studies
Time to complete: 30 min
Number of items: 22
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Formal qualification necessary: no
How to Access: http://www.strobe-statement.org/index.php?id=available-checklists (open Access)
STROBE (cross-sectional studies)
Area covered: Methodological quality of study designs
Symptoms addressed: Items to included in cross-sectional studies
Time to complete: 30 min
Number of items: 22
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Formal qualification necessary: yno
How to Access: http://www.strobe-statement.org/index.php?id=available-checklists (open access)
AGREE
Area covered: Methodological quality of guidelines
Symptoms addressed: Objectives, development & applicability
Time to complete: 60 min
Number of items: 23
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Formal qualification necessary: yes
How to Access: http://www.agreetrust.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/AGREE-II-Users-Manual-and-23-item-Instrument_2009_UPDATE_2013.pdf (open access)
CONSORT
Area covered: Methodological quality of clinical trials
Symptoms addressed: Items to included in randomized clinical trials
Time to complete: 30 min
Number of items: 25
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Formal qualification necessary: no
How to Access: www.consort-statement.org/Media/Default/Downloads/CONSORT%202010%20Checklist.doc (open access)
STROND
Area covered: Methodological quality of incidence & prevalence studies
Symptoms addressed: Items to include in incidence & prevalence studies
Time to complete: 30 min
Number of items: 15
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Formal qualification necessary: yes
How to Access: http://www.neurology.org/site/misc/strondchecklist.pdf (open access)
SF-36
Area covered: Quality of life
Symptoms addressed: Quality of life (generic)
Time to complete: 30 min
Number of items: 36
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Formal qualification necessary: no
How to Access: http://www.rand.org/health/surveys_tools/mos/36-item-short-form/survey-instrument.html (open access)
Recommended by: EAN
EQ-5D-3L
Area covered: Quality of life
Symptoms addressed: Quality of life (generic)
Time to complete: 5 min
Number of items: 5
Completed by: Patient
Formal qualification necessary: no
How to Access: http://www.euroqol.org/eq-5d-products/eq-5d-3l/self-complete-version-on-laptopdesktop-computers.html (open access)
Recommended by: EAN
Critical Reading of Scientific Literature Observational Studies
Area covered: Methodological quality of study designs
Symptoms addressed: Items to evaluate in Observational Studies
Time to complete: 30 min
Number of items: 17
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Formal qualification necessary: no
The COSMIN checklist
Area covered: Methodological quality of study designs
Symptoms addressed: Quality of studies
Time to complete: NA
Number of items: 4 steps
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Formal qualification necessary: yes
How to Access: www.cosmin.nl, www.emgo.nl
Scales
ICARS (International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale)
Area covered: cerebellar ataxia
Symptoms addressed: postural, gait, limb ataxia, dysarthria, oculomotor disturbances
Time to complete: 20-30 minutes
Number of items: 19 (4 subscales, max score 100)
Completed by: physician
Formal qualification necessary: no
Validation Publications:
1: Schmitz-Hübsch T, et al. Reliability and validity of the International Cooperative Ataxia
Rating Scale: a study in 156 spinocerebellar ataxia patients. Mov Disord. 2006;21:699-704
2. Storey E, et al. Inter-rater reliability of the International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale (ICARS). Mov Disord. 2004;19:190-2 (For Friedreich ataxia)
How to access: https://www.augusta.edu/alliedhealth/pt/documents/icarsform.pdf
SARA (Scale for the assessment and rating for ataxia)
Area covered: cerebellar ataxia
Symptoms addressed: gait, stance, sitting, speech, finger-chase test, nose-finger test, fast alternating movements, heel-to-shin test
Time to complete: 10 minutes
Number of items: 8 (max score 40)
Completed by: physician
Formal qualification necessary: no
Validation Publications:
1: Schmitz-Hübsch T, et al. Scale for the assessment and rating of ataxia: development of a new clinical scale. Neurology. 2006;13;66:1717-20 (For Spinocerebellar ataxias)
2. Bürk K, et al. Comparison of three clinical rating scales in Friedreich ataxia (FRDA). Mov Disord. 2009;15;24:1779-84 (For Friedreich ataxia)
How to access: http://www.ataxia-study-group.net/html/about/ataxiascales/sara/SARA.pdf
Scales
EDSS (Expanded Disability Status Scale)
Symptoms addressed: Severity of symptoms in MS
Time to complete: 15 minutes
Completed by: physician
Validation Publications:
John F. Kurtzke: Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: an expanded disability status scale (EDSS). Neurology (1983) vol. 33 (11) pp. 1444–1452. PMID 6685237
How to access: https://www.neurostatus.net/
MSFC
Symptoms addressed: Severity of symptoms in MS
Completed by: physician
Validation Publications:
Fischer, J. S., Rudick, R. A., Cutter, G. R., Reingold, S. C. for the National MS Society Clinical Outcomes Assessment Task Force. The multiple sclerosis functional composite measure
How to access: https://www.nationalmssociety.org/NationalMSSociety/media/MSNationalFiles/Brochures/10-2-3-31-MSFC_Manual_and_Forms.pdf
MSSS
Symptoms addressed: Severity of symptoms in MS
Completed by: physician
Validation Publications:
Roxburgh RH et al. Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score: using disability and disease duration to rate disease severity. Neurology. 2005 Apr 12;64(7):1144-51
How to access: 10.1212/01.WNL.0000156155.19270.F8
SDMT
Symptoms addressed: cognition in MS
Completed by: physician
Validation Publications:
Benedict et al. Multiple Sclerosis Outcome Assessments Consortium. Validity of the Symbol Digit Modalities Test as a cognition performance outcome measure for multiple sclerosis.
Besinger Score
Symptoms addressed: Severity of Symptoms of Myasthenia
Time to complete: 15 minutes
Completed by: physician
Validation Publications:
Besinger UA, Toyka KV, Hömberg M, Heininger K, Hohlfeld R, Fateh-Moghadam A. Myasthenia gravis: long-term correlation of binding and bungarotoxin blocking antibodies against acetylcholine receptors with changes in disease severity. Neurology. 1983 Oct;33(10):1316-21; Tindall RS, Rollins JA, Phillips JT, Greenlee RG, Wells L, Belendiuk G. Preliminary results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of cyclosporine in myasthenia gravis. N Engl J Med. 1987 Mar 19;316(12):719-24 Tindall RS, Phillips JT, Rollins JA, Wells L, Hall K. A clinical therapeutic trial of cyclosporine in myasthenia gravis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1993 Jun 21;681:539-51 Barohn RJ, McIntire D, Herbelin L, Wolfe GI, Nations S, Bryan WW. Reliability testing of the quantitative myasthenia gravis score. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1998 May 13;841:769-72
Karnofsky Performance Scale Index
Symptoms addressed: assessment tool for functional impairment
Time to complete: below 5 minutes
Completed by: physician
Validation Publications:
Schag CC, Heinrich RL, Ganz PA. Karnofsky performance status revisited: Reliability, validity, and guidelines. J Clin Oncology. 1984; 2:187-193
How to access: http://www.npcrc.org/files/news/karnofsky_performance_scale.pdf
Clinical Assessment Scale in Autoimmune Encephalitis (CASE)
Completed by: physician
Validation Publications:
Lim et al. Development of the clinical assessment scale in autoimmune encephalitis. Ann Neurol. 2019 Mar;85(3):352-358. doi: 10.1002/ana.25421
How to access: 10.1002/ana.25421
APE score
Symptoms addressed: for predicting an autoimmune origin of epilepsy
Completed by: physician
Validation Publications:
Dubey D, Alqallaf A, Hays R, Freeman M, Chen K, Ding K, Agostini M, Vernino S. Neurological Autoantibody Prevalence in Epilepsy of Unknown Etiology. JAMA Neurol. 2017 Apr 1;74(4):397-402
How to access: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.5429
NEOS score
Symptoms addressed: for predicting functional outcome in NMDAR encephalitis
Completed by: physician
Validation Publications:
Balu R, McCracken L, Lancaster E, Graus F, Dalmau J, Titulaer MJ. A score that predicts 1-year functional status in patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. Neurology. 2019 Jan 15;92(3):e244-e252.
How to access: 10.1212/WNL.000000000000
DELTA-P score
Symptoms addressed: for predicting functional outcome in NMDAR encephalitis
Completed by: physician
Validation Publications:
Balu R, McCracken L, Lancaster E, Graus F, Dalmau J, Titulaer MJ. A score that predicts 1-year functional status in patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. Neurology. 2019 Jan 15;92(3):e244-e252.
How to access: 10.1212/WNL.000000000000
Modified Ashworth Scale
Symptoms addressed: spasticity
Completed by: physician
Validation Publications:
https://www.sralab.org/rehabilitation-measures/ashworth-scale-modified-ashworth-scale
How to access: https://www.sralab.org/rehabilitation-measures/ashworth-scale-modified-ashworth-scale
Scores
CTCAE score
Symptoms addressed: criteria for grading immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI)-related toxicities, including neurological toxicities
Completed by: physician
How to access: https://ctep.cancer.gov/protocolDevelopment/electronic_applications/docs/CTCAE_v5_Quick_Reference_8.5x11.pdf
Questionnaires
IADL (instrumental activities of daily living)
Symptoms addressed: activity of daily living
Time to complete: 5 minutes
Completed by: physician
Validation Publications:
Schag CC, Heinrich RL, Ganz PA. Karnofsky performance status revisited: Reliability, validity, and guidelines. J Clin Oncology. 1984; 2:187-193
How to access: http://www.npcrc.org/files/news/karnofsky_performance_scale.pdf
Chronic Acquired Polyneuropathy Patient Reported Index (CAPPRI)
Symptoms addressed: CIDP symptoms
Completed by: patient
Validation Publications:
Bjelica B, et al J Peripher Nerv Syst. 2019 Sep;24(3):247-252
How to access: doi: 10.1111/jns.12329
Scales
International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health
Area covered: Symptom severity
Symptoms addressed: functioning and disability
Time to complete: up to 30 minutes
Number of items: 4 components and 30 domains
Completed by: Health professional
Validation publication: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/42407/9241545429.pdf;jsessionid=04CB0D298A8F31DA30B2AF7B2AB8FE83?sequence=1
How to Access: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/icd/icfoverview_finalforwho10sept.pdf (open access)
Action Research Reaction Test (ARAT)
Area covered: Symptom severity
Symptoms addressed: Activities of Daily Living, coordination, dexterity, upper limb function
Time to complete: 6-30 min
Number of items: 19
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Validation Publication: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7333761
How to Access: http://www.strokecenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/action_research_arm_test.pdf (open access)
Revised-Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale (R-ALFRS)
Area covered: Symptom severity
Symptoms addressed: Functional impairement
Time to complete: 6-30 min
Number of items: 12
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Validation publication: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8639063
How to Access: https://www.outcomes-umassmed.org/als/alsscale.aspx (open access)
NIH Stroke Scale
Area covered: Symptom severity
Symptoms addressed: Aphasia, motor deficit, vision, perception, dysarthria, cerebellar function, cognition
Time to complete: 5 min
Number of items: 15
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Formal qualification necessary: yes
Validation Publication: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2749846
How to Access:https://www.stroke.nih.gov/documents/NIH_Stroke_Scale_508C.pdf (open access)
Modified Barthel ADL Index
Area covered: Impression of the disease
Symptoms addressed: Activities of daily living, gait, functional mobility
Time to complete: 5 min
Number of items: 10
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Validation Publication: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3403500
How to Access: https://www.albertahealthservices.ca/assets/about/scn/ahs-scn-bjh-hf-barthel-index-of-adls.pdf (open access)
Berg Balance Scale(BBS)
Area covered: Symptom severity
Symptoms addressed: Balace, functional mobility
Time to complete: 15-20 min
Number of items: 14
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Validation Publication: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1468055
How to Access: http://www.strokecenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/berg.pdf (open access)
Fugl-Meyer Assessment of Motor Recovery(FMA)
Area covered: Symptom severity
Symptoms addressed: Activities of daily living, pain, functional mobility
Time to complete: 6-30 min
Number of items: 226
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Validation Publication: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3686581
How to Access: https://neurophys.gu.se/english/departments/clinical_neuroscience_and_rehabilitation/rehabilitation-medicine/fugl-meyer (open access)
Glasgow Coma Scale Extended(GOSE)
Area covered: Impression of the disease/QoL
Symptoms addressed: Activities of daily living, global outcome
Time to complete: 6-30 min
Number of items: 8
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Validation Publication: Wilson JTL, Pettigrew LEL, Teasdale GM. Structured interviews for the Glasgow Outcome Scale and the Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale: Guidelines for their use. Journal of Neurotrauma 1998;15:573-585.
How to Access: http://tbims.org/combi/gose (open access)
Multiple Sclerosis Functional composite(MSCF)
Area covered: Symptom severity
Symptoms addressed: Cognition, gait, upper extremity function
Time to complete: 10-20 min
Number of items: 3
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Validation: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10987899
How to Access: http://main.nationalmssociety.org/docs/HOM/MSFC_Manual_and_Forms.pdf (no open access)
Scores
Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale(HADS)
Area covered: Impression of the disease
Symptoms addressed: Depression, mental health
Time to complete: 5 min
Number of items: 14
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Validation Publication: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6880820
How to Access: Available for purchase at MAPI Research Trust (no open access)
Movement Disorder Society sponsored Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale Revision (MDS-UPDRS)
Area covered: Symptom severity
Symptoms addressed: Activities of Daily Living, behavior cognition, functional obility, gait, ncontinence, life participation pain;
Time to complete: 6-30 min
Number of items: 4
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Validation Publication: https://experts.umich.edu/en/publications/movement-disorder-society-sponsored-revision-of-the-unified-parki
How to Access: http://www.movementdisorders.org/MDS-Files1/PDFs/Rating-Scales/NewUPDRS7308final.pdf (no open access)
Scales
ALFFRS-R
Area covered: Disease severity
Symptoms addressed: Symptoms of ALS
Time to complete: 5 min
Number of items: 14
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Formal qualification necessary: no
Validation Publication:
| Cedarbaum J et al Journal of the Neurological Sciences 169 (1999) 13–21 |
How to Access: online
IPOS-NEURO
Area covered: Symptom burden
Symptoms addressed: Symptoms and qaulity of life
Time to complete: 10 min
Number of items: 8
Completed by: Healthprofessional or Patient
Formal qualification necessary: no
Validation Publication:
| Gao W, Crosby V, Wilcock A, Burman R, Silber E, Hepgul N, et al. (2016) Psychometric Properties of a Generic, Patient-Centred Palliative Care Outcome Measure of Symptom Burden for People with Progressive Long Term Neurological Conditions. PLoS ONE 11(10): e0165379. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0165379 E |
How to Access: online
Seiqol
Area covered: Quality of Life
Symptoms addressed: Quality of Life
Time to complete: 20 min
Number of items: 5
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Formal qualification necessary: no
Validation Publication:
| Hickey AM et al A new short form individual quality of life measure (SEIQoL-DW): application in a cohort of individuals with HIV/AIDS BMJ 1996; 313 doi: doi.org/10.1136/bmj.313.7048.29 (Published 06 July 1996) Cite this as: BMJ 1996;313:29 |
How to Access: online
Scales
Epworth Sleepiness Scale
Area covered: Severity of sleepiness
Symptoms addressed: Daytime sleepiness
Time to complete: 5 minutes
Number of items: 8
Completed by: Patient and/or healthprofessional
Formal qualification necessary: no
Validation Publication: Johns M. W. A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: the Epworth sleepiness scale. Sleep. 1991;14(6):540–545.
Open access: yes
Languages: English, Arabic, French
How to Access: https://www.sleepapnea.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/berlin-questionnaire.pdf
Recommended by: EAN
International RLS Rating Scale
Area covered: Risk and severity of Restless legs syndrome (RLS)
Symptoms addressed: Restless legs syndrome symptoms, secondary symptoms caused by RLS
Time to complete: 5 minutes
Number of items: 10
Completed by: Patient and/or healthprofessional
Formal qualification necessary: no
Validation Publication: Walters AS, LeBrocq C, Dhar A, et al. Validation of the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group rating scale for restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med. 2003;4(2):129-130.
Open access: Yes (for not-funded academic users)
Languages: English, etc.
How to Access: https://eprovide.mapi-trust.org/instruments/international-restless-legs-syndrome-study-group-rating-scale
Recommended by: EAN/IRLSSG
Swiss Narcolepsy Scale
Area covered: Risk and severity of narcolepsy
Symptoms addressed: Narcolepsy symptoms (pathological sleepiness, cataplexy)
Time to complete: 4 minutes
Number of items: 5
Completed by: Patient and/or healthprofessional
Formal qualification necessary: no
Validation Publication: Sturzenegger C, Bassetti CL (2004) The clinical spectrum of narcolepsy with cataplexy: a reappraisal. J Sleep Res 13(4):395–406.
Open access: Yes
Languages: English
How to Access: https://www.swissnarcolepsyscale.com/
Recommended by: EAN
Frontal Lobe Epilepsy and Parasomnias Scale
Area covered: Differentiation between nocturnal epilepsies and parasomnias
Symptoms addressed: Differentation between frontal lobe epilepsy symptoms and parasomnias symptoms
Time to complete: 5 minutes
Number of items: 11
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Formal qualification necessary: no
Validation Publication: Derry CP, Dvey M, Johns M, Kron K, Glencross D, Marini C, Scheffer IE, Berkovic S. (2006b) Distinguishing sleep disorders from seizures: diagnosing bumps in the night. Arch Neurol 63:705–709.
Open access: Yes
Languages: English, Itlaian
How to Access: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/791451
Recommended by: EAN
Questionnaires
Berlin Sleep Apnea Questionnaire
Area covered: Risk for sleep apnea
Symptoms addressed: Sleep apnea, snoring, secondary symptoms caused by apnea (e.g. daytime sleepiness)
Time to complete: 5 minutes
Number of items: 10
Completed by: Patient and/or healthprofessional
Formal qualification necessary: no
Validation Publication: Netzer NC, Stoohs RA, Netzer CM, Clark K, Strohl KP. Using the Berlin questionnaire to identify patients at risk for the sleep apnea syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 1999;131:485–491.
Open access: yes
Languages: English, Thai, Greek, Persian, Arabic
How to Access: https://www.sleepapnea.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/berlin-questionnaire.pdf
Recommended by: EAN
Insomnia severity scale
Area covered: Risk for and severity of insomnia
Symptoms addressed: Sleep-onset, midnight or morning insomnia, secondary symptoms caused by insomnia (e.g. daily functioning, anxiety)
Time to complete: 5 minutes
Number of items: 7
Completed by: Patient and/or healthprofessional
Formal qualification necessary: no
Validation Publication: Morin, C.M. (1993). Insomnia : Psychological assessment and management. Guilford Press, New York.
Open access: Yes (for not-funded academic users)
Languages: English, Lithuanian, Italian, Portuguese, German, Korean, etc.
How to Access: https://mapi-trust.org/questionnaires/isi/#description
Recommended by: EAN
Innsbruck RBD Inventory
Area covered: Risk for and severity of REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD)
Symptoms addressed: REM sleep behaviour disorder symptoms
Time to complete: 5 minutes
Number of items: 9
Completed by: Patient and/or healthprofessional
Formal qualification necessary: no
Validation Publication: Frauscher B., Ehrmann L., Zamarian L. et al. Validation of the Innsbruck REM sleep behavior disorder inventory. Sleep. 2014 Jan 1; 37(1): 127–136.
Open access: Yes (on a request)
Languages: English, German
How to Access: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/mds.25223
Recommended by: EAN/ MDS
Paris Arousal Disorders Severity Scale
Area covered: Risk and severity of NREM parasomnias
Symptoms addressed: Arousal Disorders (especially NREM sleep parasomnias) symptoms, their impact on daily functioning and quality of life
Time to complete: 8 minutes
Number of items: 23
Completed by: Patient and/or healthprofessional
Formal qualification necessary: no
Validation Publication: Arnulf I., Zhang B., Uguccioni G. et al. A Scale for Assessing the Severity of Arousal Disorders. Sleep. 2014 Jan 1; 37(1): 127–136.
Open access: Yes (on a request)
Languages: English, French
How to Access: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3902885/pdf/aasm.37.1.127.pdf
Recommended by: EAN
Munich Chronotype Questionnaire
Area covered: Chronotype and risk for circadian rhythm disorders
Symptoms addressed: Sleep-wake-work rhythm, sleep habits, light exposure, substance use, etc.
Time to complete: 20 minutes
Number of items: 45
Completed by: Patient and/or healthprofessional
Formal qualification necessary: no
Validation Publication: Roenneberg, T., Keller, L. K., Fischer, D., Matera, J. L., Vetter, C., & Winnebeck, E. C. (2015). Human activity and rest in situ. Methods Enzymol, 552, 257-283
Open access: Yes (on a request)
Languages: English, German, Japanese, Korean
How to Access: https://www.thewep.org/documentations/mctq
Recommended by: EAN
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index
Area covered: General evaluation of sleep quality
Symptoms addressed: Subjective sleep quality, sleep disturbances, sleep-wake rhythm, sleep habits.
Time to complete: 20 minutes
Number of items: 10
Completed by: Patient and/or healthprofessional
Formal qualification necessary: no
Validation Publication: Buysse DJ., Reynolds 3rd CF., Monk TH., et al. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res. 1989 May;28(2):193-213.
Open access: Yes
Languages: English, German, Portuguese
How to Access: https://www.opapc.com/uploads/documents/PSQI.pdf
Recommended by: EAN
Scales
National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS)
Area covered: Symptom severity
Time to complete: 5 min
Number of items: 11
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Link to training resource: www.nihss-english.trainingcampus.net
Validation Publication: Brott T et al, Measurements of acute cerebral infarction: a clinical examination scale. Stroke. 1989;20(7):864-70.
How to Access: http://www.strokecenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/NIH_Stroke_Scale.pdf (open access)
Modified Rankin Scale (mRS)
Area covered: Degree of disability
Time to complete: <5 min
Number of items: 1
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Validation publication: Van Swieten J et al, Interobserver agreement for the assessment of handicap in stroke patients. Stroke. 19(5):604–607.
How to Access: http://www.strokecenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/modified_rankin.pdf (open access)
Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCa)
Area covered: Cognitive impairment
Time to complete: 10 min
Number of items: 8
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Link to training resource: www.mocatest.org
How to Access: https://www.mocatest.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/MoCA-New-Test-8.1-2017-04.pdf (open access)
Rapid Arterial Occlusion Evaluation (RACE)
Area covered: Large vessel occlusion screening
Symptoms addressed: Balace, functional mobility
Time to complete: <5 min
Number of items: 5
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Validation Publication: Perez de la Ossa et al, Design and Validation of a Prehospital Stroke Scale to Predict Large Arterial Occlusion. Stroke 2014; 45:87–91
How to Access: www.racescale.org/how-to-use/table/ (open access)
ABCD²
Area covered: Stroke recurrence risk after TIA
Time to complete: <5 min
Number of items: 5
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Validation publication: Johnston SC et al, Validation and refinement of scores to predict very early stroke risk after transient ischaemic attack. Lancet. 2007;369(9558):283-92.
How to Access: Original publication, Google (open access)
Risk of Paradoxical Embolism Score (RoPE)
Area covered: PFO-related stroke
Time to complete: <5 min
Number of items: 6
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Validation publication: Kent D et al, An index to identify stroke-related vs incidental patent foramen ovale in cryptogenic stroke. Neurology. 2013; 81(7): 619–625.
How to Access: Original publication, Google (open access)
CHA2DS2-VASc score
Area covered: Stroke risk in patients with atrial fibrillation
Time to complete: <5 min
Number of items: 8
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Validation publication: Lip GY et al, "Refining clinical risk stratification for predicting stroke and thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation using a novel risk factor-based approach: the euro heart survey on atrial fibrillation". Chest. 137 (2): 263–72.
How to Access: Original publication, Google (open access)
HAS-BLED
Area covered: Risk of major bleeding in antiagulation
Time to complete: <5 min
Number of items: 7
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Validation publication: Pisters R et al, A Novel User-Friendly Score (HAS-BLED) to Assess 1-Year Risk of Major Bleeding in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation. Chest. 138(5):1093–100
How to Access: Original publication, Google (open access)
Barthel Index (BI)
Area covered: Impairment in activities of daily living
Time to complete: 5 min
Number of items: 10
Completed by: Healthprofessional
Validation publication: Collin C et al, The Barthel ADL Index: a reliability study. Int Disabil Stud. 1988;10(2):61-3.
How to Access: http://www.strokecenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/barthel.pdf (open access)
Scores
The Short Form (36) Health Survey (SF-36)
Area covered: Perceived patient health
Time to complete: 15 min
Number of items: 36
Completed by: Patient
Validation Publication: Ware JE, et al. The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Med Care. 1992;30(6):473-83.
How to Access: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/06cb/0076e310136d0ca8b56cc8585ec2bf43e029.pdf (open access)