This position paper covers six neurological conditions (Alzheimer's Disease, Cerebrovascular disease, Parkinson's disease, Epilepsy, Headache disorders, Multiple Sclerosis) providing an overview of available evidence on sex and gender differences, identifying knowledge gaps and providing recommendations for clinical practice and future studies. The authors recommend taking into consideration modifiable sex and gender specific risk factors, the role of hormones across women's lifespan and a personalized treatment approach based on gender. They also recommend future efforts devoted to increase the representation of women in clinical studies, to promote sex and gender-based guideline production and to better characterize the safety profile in pregnancy of newer drugs.
Author(s): Calogero Edoardo Cicero
References: Cicero CE, Angelini L, Abbadessa G, Bruno M, Fiume G, Nucera B, Ornello R, Arabia G, Giuliano L, Guarnieri B, Lugaresi A, Perani D, Sacco S, Tassorelli C, Nicoletti A, Pellecchia MT; SIN Gender Neurology Study Group and SinDem Sex and gender differences in dementia Study Group. Sex and gender-related differences in neurological diseases: current challenges and recommendations for clinical practice. Neurol Sci. 2026 Jan 6;47(1):108. doi: 10.1007/s10072-025-08623-8.